In January, a Windsor man was avoided prison after unintentionally killing his younger brother in a back-yard wrestling fight. We have seen how you cannot rely on the defence of consent in the event of someone intentionally causing another person serious or non-trivial bodily harm? But what someone gets hurt accidentally in a fist fight, ie. He was, therefore, found not guilty of assault with a weapon or simple assault. The Crown failed to prove the deceased man had not consented to the fight and that the accused had not been acting in self-defence. In this case, an accused became involved in a fight during which he swung a hammer, and hit another man, eventually causing his death. This means the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that there was an absence of consent on the part of the victim. The burden of proof in assault cases is on the Crown. So if a person has been knocked out or in any way decides to stop the fight, any further violence is considered a crime. So while you can consent to a fist fight, once a person has lost the fight or the fight continues beyond the point of non-trivial physical contact, it is pursuant on the winner to stop the fight. The judges found: “The accused, by continuing to pummel the victim after he knew the victim was unconscious, knowingly acted beyond the ambit of the victim’s consent.” This ruling established that consent could not be used as a defence for causing serious or “non-trivial” bodily harm. The Supreme Court ruled “there are limitations on the extent of harmful conduct to which one may validly consent and thereby bar conviction for assault.” The appeal was dismissed and the manslaughter charge was upheld. The Court of Appeal decision was then appealed at the Supreme Court which was tasked with deciding whether the absence of consent is an element that must be proved by the Crown in assault cases or whether limitations could be placed on consent in certain circumstances. The trial judge’s decision was overturned by the Court of Appeal which instead found the accused guilty of manslaughter. The trial judge held that the victim’s consent to a “fair fight” negated an assault. The accused was charged with manslaughter and at the original trial, he was found not guilty. He was taken to the hospital where he later died. The victim rolled off the hood and lay limp. The accused carried on and, in a “brief flurry”, struck the victim repeatedly on the head, even after realizing he was unconscious. They both agreed to continue the fight outside.Īfter waiting outside in the parking lot, the accused punched the other man in the head, knocking him backwards onto the hood of a car. The accused was challenged by the other man to a fight in the bar but it was broken up. The accused had been arguing with another man in a bar in Ontario. Jobidon offers an example of where the line is drawn when it comes to consent in violent offences. The landmark Supreme Court of Canda ruling R. If someone causes someone else bodily harm in a street fight and they intended to do it, there can be no consent. Consent, however, does not extend to any intentional bodily harm. In the eyes of Canadian law, a consensual fight is not an assault because both parties accept there will be some physical contact. In Canada, you can consent to a fist fight. If two people consent to a street fight, do they effectively excuse each other from any culpability in the event someone is hurt? A street fight by its very nature is dangerous. If you follow this line of thought, a person cannot really be blamed for any harm resulting from a fist fight. A risk that either you or the other person could be hurt. If you enter into a fist fight, it could be argued that in doing so you acknowledge there is an inherent risk. Consent may be used as a defence but only extends so far. However, this does not mean that if there is consent, such as a street fight situation, the accused will always escape punsihment. In other words, it must be proven that the assault was committed without the consent of the other person in order to secure a conviction. But what about street fights? If the other person consents to a fight can you expect to be treated any differently? If someone is hurt or killed in the process, is this different from an unprovoked attack in the eyes of the law?Īs we know from the earlier blog, a key element of the offence of assault is an absence of consent. In an earlier blog, post we explored different types of assault.
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You can edit MS-Office formats in Google apps without changing. For technical support and inquiries, visit the Microsoft Support page. Google’s online apps are still a bit better than Microsoft’s online versions, and support for Office formats is about the same.Non-commercial use, for academic and research purposes only.Otherwise, follow the link below and click the Get in Store app button to open it in the Microsoft Store on your Windows computer. Users can escalate any questions or issues by emailing Date To grab the app, head to the Microsoft Store and search for Word Mobile. Non-IT Staff can visit the Connection PunchOut site in iBuy NYU to view Microsoft pricing and to place orders.Faculty and Students are eligible for Office 365 Education by registering with their NYU email using this link.Use the Microsoft 365 free trial Microsoft 365 Education is free for students and educators Use Word Online in your browser Lets discuss them in detail below 1. Download the free Word app for iOS and Android. A Microsoft 365 subscription offers an ad-free interface, custom domains, enhanced security options, the full desktop version of Office, and 1 TB of cloud storage. Sign in to access your Outlook, Hotmail or Live email account. On-campus use does not include personal licences for this software. There are 4 ways to use Microsoft Word for free: Free Microsoft Word on Mobile. Get free Outlook email and calendar, plus Office Online apps like Word, Excel and PowerPoint. On Campus Use: NYU Student Technology Centers and Virtual Computer Lab.Users can escalate any questions or issues by emailing Personal Device: Faculty and Students are eligible for Office 365 Education by registering with their NYU email using this link. Faculty and Non-IT Staff can visit the Connection PunchOut site in iBuy NYU to view Microsoft pricing and to place orders. There is no cost to download and run Office products on your personal devices through UNAs Office 365 subscription.Devices: NYU-owned and personally-owned devices.These versions arent quite as powerful as. User: Faculty Staff Students Researchers Microsoft offers Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and other Office apps for free online. The airline also posted on a form on its website where customers can request a refund and reimbursement for extra hotel room, rental car, and food charges. It continued: "All Customers traveling through Januare able to rebook in the original class of service or travel standby (within 14 days of your original date of travel between the original city-pairs and in accordance with our accommodation procedures) without paying additional charges please know available inventory is limited during the holidays." The ripple effect of accumulating canceled flights is expected to last days for Southwest flyers.Ī message posted on the airline's website Tuesday read, "Due to adverse weather events and their resulting effects, we are currently experiencing operational disruptions and are working diligently and safely to restore normal flight schedules as quickly as possible." Delta had about 300 canceled flights, while United Airlines had less than half that, data shows.Īmerican, United, Delta and JetBlue, suffered cancellations rates of between none and 2% by Tuesday. flights that Flight Aware stats indicated were canceled Monday. Southwest accounted for more than 72% of the 3,900 U.S. Department of Transportation also said it was evaluating Southwest's performance and whether it was in compliance with its own customer service protocol, as well as federal rules around air travel.Ĭustomers of the airline appeared to endure far worse repercussions than those who used other airlines over the last few days. The federal government called out the airline, calling its handling of the crisis "unacceptable" and saying the airline "failed in properly supporting travelers who suffered cancellations and delays." "You cannot call the 1-800 number, so I can't physically talk to anybody," said traveler Christine Whitney. One couple from Chicago stranded at LaGuardia Tuesday said the least the airline could do is communicate better about cancellations and flight changes - and make itself more available to aggrieved customers. Gaby Acevedo reports on travel chaos as Southwest cancels most of its flights. "And we're working to reach Customers whose travel plans will change to offer specific information and available options." "As we continue the work to recover our operation, we have made the decision to continue operating a reduced schedule by flying roughly one third of our schedule for the next several days," a statement read. The airline said it plans to operate only a third of scheduled flights over the coming days as it works to replenish crews. In a statement, Southwest apologized for the ripple effect on passengers, many of whom remained stranded at airports across the U.S. It acknowledged it had to make drastic changes to its flight plans because of the severe weather gripping America, especially parts of upstate New York, and those changes created gaps for flight crews. The airline said severe weather and staffing limitations caused major operational issues that resulted in thousands of cancellations and delays. Get Tri-state area news and weather forecasts to your inbox. They create a whole facade with a dummy website and hotline number. Others use the situation to their advantage and pose as fake charities. While it’s heart-warming to see people step-up during times of crisis, not everyone is so caring. They don’t need to be fluent in English to understand that they are in trouble. Deportation, jail, money - these are all common terms that non-English speakers know. IRS impersonators make all kinds of threats. If these immigrants haven’t settled yet, they are very vulnerable. These scammers know that the majority of these people are probably new to the country. Right after the senior citizens are the immigrants and non-English speakers. They can call back at any time and have a guaranteed amount. Scammers love senior citizens because they can become a long-term victim. They alternate between sweet-talking and bullying seniors into paying their “taxes.” Seniors end up handing over their personal information, money, or both. IRS impersonators usually use the carrot and stick method. How do they know if the information they have is current? The law could have changed for all they know and have tons of back taxes. Senior citizens are one of the most targeted sectors for IRS scams - so much, so it is its own category! Considering the fast-paced changes in society, it’s easy to see why the elderly are easily convinced. Trust that they use every method at their disposal to make you call back. Even those that sound “official” is just a text-to-speech message, aka a robocall. So whenever you get a tax call demanding cash upfront? It is probably a scam. Taxes 101 - they never ask for payment outright, much less threaten you over the phone. Prison! Deportation! No Licenses! They tell you all kinds of things to force you to pay your “back taxes.” In most scams, they try to coax and convince, but here they will threaten outright. They say all kinds of things to get their victims to do what they want. They come in acting like they know everything and wave around big threats without actually having any power. The best example of this is the “Karen” stereotype. We all know someone who likes to throw their weight around. Here are the 5 common IRS and social security scam calls: Bogus Officer Threats That is almost half of the list! These people don’t need to be in the same room, much less the same country, to get their victims. Out of these 12 methods - 5 are over the phone. The Internal Revenue Service released its “dirty dozen” list. They get their payments through credit cards, wired cash, and gift cards from Apple, Amazon, and Google Play. You might be surprised by how creative they can be on the call. They pose as collection officers and pressure their victims to hand over cash. While it may seem like just a call - they are masters of manipulation. There is no better way to even the score than through prank calls! What Is an IRS Scam?īefore you even attempt to prank call these IRS scammers, you need to know what you are up against. These hardened scammers definitely need a taste of their own medicine. They are definitely the lowest of the low. Did you know that over 2.4 million Americans fall for Internal Revenue Service (IRS) scams? Most of these calls don’t even come from the United States! They are a mix of local and international con artists who prey on the vulnerable and gullible. This entire activity is illegal because the original developers of the software hold the copyrights of the particular software. 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Hypothesis testing in the frequentist paradigm uses p-values which quantify the relative frequency of observing a statistic as, or more extreme than that observed in the experiment when one assumes a particular value for the null hypothesis. In this case Bayesian and frequentist group-sequential tests cannot have the same stopping rule as the Bayesian stopping rule depends on the observed means in the two groups and not just on their difference. In the frequentist context, this reflects the conclusions of a hypothesis test that may be based on a p-value (e.g., p<0.05), whereas in the Bayesian context this would be calculated after. If the Bayesian critical values at different looks are restricted to be equal, O'Brien and Fleming's design corresponds to a Bayesian design with an exceptionally informative negative prior, Pocock's design to a Bayesian design with a non-informative prior and frequentist designs with a linear alpha spending function are very similar to Bayesian designs with slightly informative priors.This contrasts with the setting of a comparative trial with independent prior distributions specified for treatment effects in different groups. Both frequentist hypothesis testing and Bayesian posterior and predictive decision making can be calibrated to control family-wise and basket-wise errors. Focussing on the setting in which data can be summarised by normally distributed test statistics, we evaluate and compare boundary values and operating characteristics.Īlthough Bayesian and frequentist group-sequential approaches are based on fundamentally different paradigms, in a single arm trial or two-arm comparative trial with a prior distribution specified for the treatment difference, Bayesian and frequentist group-sequential tests can have identical stopping rules if particular critical values with which the posterior probability is compared or particular spending function values are chosen. In a fixed sample study using an asymptotically normally distributed test statistic, the standardized alternative for which a one- sided level test is. This paper presents a practical comparison of Bayesian and frequentist group-sequential tests. This includes the use of stopping rules based on Bayesian analyses in which the frequentist type I error rate is controlled as in frequentist group-sequential designs. There is a growing interest in the use of Bayesian adaptive designs in late-phase clinical trials. |
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